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Ship's Speed and Heading: The ship's speed and heading are calculated from the ships position at even 30 minute intervals, as measured by the PMEL GPS. This is the average speed and direction between the reported 30 minutes locations.
Atmospheric Temperature:
Air temperature (degrees C) was measured with the Ship's IMET RM Young
sensor (SCS) that was located on the ship's meteorological mast on the
bow (14 meters above the sea surface). This signal agreed well with the
PMEL RM Young sensor at night (78 % of all 30 minute average night time
values agreed +/- 0.3 deg C) but during the day the PMEL sensor typically
warmer as it was likely impacted by heating of the ships deck (The PMEL
sensor was located on the top of the PMEL AERO van). The ship sensor was
used for this data record as it appeared to be more representative of the
ambient temperature. There were several occasions of a few hours where
there was no available ship (SCS) data, during those times the PMEL RM
Young sensor was used in this data record.
Relative humidity:
The relative humidity (%) reported here was measured with the ship's
IMET sensor (SCS). The nighttime ship IMET sensor and the nighttime
PMEL RM Young sensor number 2 agreed within 2%RH, 96% of the time, using
30 minute average values of each. The daytime values had less
agreement due to the warming of the PMEL sensors as mentioned in the previous
section. (The PMEL sensor number 1 was typically 5% higher than the
ship's IMET sensor and the PMEL number 2 sensor, since it maxed out at
about 105% rh it was deemed to be off in calibration). There were several
occasions of a few hours where there were no available ship (SCS) data,
during those times the PMEL RM Young sensor (number 2) was used in this
data record
Barometric Pressure:
Barometric pressure was measured with the Ship's SCS sensor.
Insolation:
Total solar radiation was measured with an Epply Black and White Pyranometer
(horizontal surface receiver -180, model 8-48, serial number 12946) and
an Epply precision pyranometer (horizontal surface receiver -180, twin
hemispheres, model PSP, serial number 133035F3) that were mounted on the
top of AERO van. Both instruments were calibrated by The Epply Laboratory
on October 11,
1994. There were times when the sampling mast shaded ether or
both sensors. There were also times when the ship's mast/bridge shaded
the sensors. These "bad" data due to shading have not been edited out of
the 30 minute data record. The data reported here are from the model 8-48,
serial number 12946 radiometer and are in watts per square meter and are
the average value over the 30 minute sampling period.
Relative Wind
The reported relative wind is from the Ships SCS IMET sensor, described
below. (Unlike the Aerosols99 INODEX project the PMEL anemometer
data is not given, due to a malfuction of that sensor during NAURU).
The Relative wind was calculated by adding the ships SCS true wind vector
to the with the ships velocity vector. The 30 min average relative wind
speed and direction were calculated by taking the 1 minute wind data, separating
the vector into the for-aft and beam components, averaging each orthogonal
component separately and then recombining the components into a 30 minute
average vector. and the resulting data were averaged into 30 minute
averages. This calculated relative wind agreed well with the measured
PMEL relative wind data during periods when the PMEL relative wind data
were available. The relative wind vector is given in units of meters
per second and in direction from the bow, with wind coming directly on
the bow as 0, wind coming from the starboard beam as +90 and wind coming
from the port beam as -90 degrees.
Wind Components/Wind Speed/Wind Direction:
True Wind speed and direction were calculated from measurements obtained
with the Ships IMET wind sensors. These were mounted on the ship's meteorological
sampling mast at the bow. These sensors were used as there were least affected
by the alterations in wind from the ship structure. The sensors were located
14 meters above the sea surface. The true North and East components of
the wind vector were calculated by subtracting the ships velocity vector
(as measured by the PMEL GPS and ship gyro compass) from the measured relative
wind. The wind components were then averaged into 30 minute bins and are
given as the N and E wind components, in m/s. The true wind vector was
calculated from these components and is given as wind speed in m/s and
compass direction.
Rainfall Rate
The rainfall rate was measured with a Scientific Technology Inc. ORG-100
Optical Precipitation Intensity Sensor. The instrument was
mounted on the railing of Aero van and was used along with wind direction,
wind speed and CN to control the aerosol chemistry
pumps. The dynamic range of the sensor is 0.5 to 1600 mm/h. Spikes
in the signal maybe associated with sea spray. The 30 minute
averaged data include all data points. The data are reported in units
of mm/hr. (Note: since the data are 30 minute averages, summing
all 48 points for one day and dividing by two will give total precipitation
in mm for that day.)
PMEL/UW CN and UFCN measurements:
Aerosol particles were sampled at 18 m above sea level through a heated mast. The mast extended 5 m above the aerosol measurement container and was capped with a rotating cone-shaped inlet nozzle that was positioned into the relative wind. Air was pulled through this 5 cm diameter inlet nozzle at 1 m3 min-1 and down the 20 cm diameter mast. The lower 1.5 m of the mast were heated to dry the aerosol to a relative humidity (RH) of 55%. Fifteen 1.9 cm diameter conductive tubes extending into this heated zone provided air to the various instruments and impactors at flows of 30 l min-1. A theoretical analysis of the collection efficiency of the inlet nozzle (Hinds, 1982) showed that, for the range of non-isokinetic conditions resulting from a factor of two variation in wind speed compared to the isokinetic design speed of 8 m/s and a 30 degree axial deviation, the under- or over-sampling of 14 um particles was less than 10%. Similar calculations for the flow divider at the base of the mast indicated a sampling efficiency for 10 µm particles of about 90%. For smaller particles the sampling efficiencies are closer to 100%. Comparisons of the total particle count (Dp > 3 nm) during intercomparisons with the NCAR C-130 and ACE-1 ground stations agreed to within 20% suggesting minimal loss of particle number in the inlet system (Weber et al., 1999). A similar comparison with the NCAR C-130 during INDOEX showed agreement to within 5%.
One of the fifteen 1.9 cm diameter tubes was used to supply ambient
air to TSI 3010 (UW 10381A) and TSI 3025A (PMEL CD0000476028) particle
counters. A separate ¼” line was used to supply air from the top
of the mast directly to a TSI 3760 (PMEL, CD0000281962) particle counter.
The 3760, 3010 and 3025 measure all particles larger than roughly 13, 12
and 3 nm respectively. A regression of the total particle counts
from the TSI3010 to the TSI3760 yielded TSI3010=TSI3760*1.02 +39 (R2=0.988).
The counts from the three detectors are referred to here as CN>13 (TSI3760),
CN>12 (TSI3010), and CN>3 (TSI3025). The total particle counts from each
instrument were recorded each minute. The data were filtered to eliminate
periods of calibration and instrument malfunction and periods of ship contamination
(based on relative wind and high CN counts). The data were also filtered
of short duration (less than 15 minute) spikes of high CN concentrations
except in the region of Nauru Island. The filtered one minute data were
averaged into 30 minute periods centered on the hour and half-hour.
The value of –999 was assigned to any 30 minute period without data.
The data in 1 minute resolution are available on the PMEL Nauru project
web page.
Aerosol particles were sampled at 18 m above sea level through a heated mast. The mast extended 5 m above the aerosol measurement container and was capped with a rotating cone-shaped inlet nozzle that was positioned into the relative wind. Air was pulled through this 5 cm diameter inlet nozzle at 1 m3 min-1 and down the 20 cm diameter mast. The lower 1.5 m of the mast were heated to dry the aerosol to a relative humidity (RH) of 55%. Fifteen 1.9 cm diameter conductive tubes extending into this heated zone provided air to the various instruments and impactors at flows of 30 l min-1. A theoretical analysis of the collection efficiency of the inlet nozzle (Hinds, 1982) showed that, for the range of non-isokinetic conditions resulting from a factor of two variation in wind speed compared to the isokinetic design speed of 8 m/s and a 30 degree axial deviation, the under- or over-sampling of 14 um particles was less than 10%. Similar calculations for the flow divider at the base of the mast indicated a sampling efficiency for 10 µm particles of about 90%. For smaller particles the sampling efficiencies are closer to 100%. Comparisons of the total particle count (Dp > 3 nm) during intercomparisons with the NCAR C-130 and ACE-1 ground stations agreed to within 20% suggesting minimal loss of particle number in the inlet system (Weber et al., 1999). A similar comparison with the NCAR C-130 during INDOEX showed agreement to within 5%.
One of the fifteen 1.9 cm diameter tubes was used to supply ambient air to TSI 3010 and TSI 3025 particle counters. A separate ¼” line was used to supply air from the top of the mast directly to a second TSI 3010 particle counter. The 3010 and 3025 measure all particles larger than roughly 12 and 3 nm respectively. The total particle counts from each instrument were recorded each minute. The data were filtered to eliminate periods of calibration and instrument malfunction and periods of ship contamination (based on relative wind and high CN counts). The data were also filtered of short duration (less than 15 minute) spikes of high CN concentrations. The filtered one minute data were averaged into 30 minute periods centered on the hour and half-hour. The counts from the 3010 (average of 2 values when available) and 3025 are referred to here as CN and UFCN respectively. A regression of the 30 minute data from the two TSI 3010 instruments yielded:
TSI3010 (main flow) = TSI3010 (1/4” line) *0.989 + 5.1 (R2=0.988)
The value of –999 was assigned to any 30 minute period without data.
The data in 1 minute resolution are available on the PMEL Aerosols99/INDOEX
project
web page.
Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity:
Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity were measured with the ship's
online Sea-Bird thermosalinograph. The inlet for the sample water into
the thermosalinograph was near the bow at approximately 4 m depth.
The thermosalinograph was last calibrated by Sea-Bird electronics on 06-Mar-98.
Chlorophyll:
Discrete samples:
Discrete chlorophyll samples were collected by PMEL every six hours
while underway from the ship's clean seawater system. The inlet was near
the bow at approximately 4 m depth. Samples also were collected by SIO
from CTD casts. Collected samples (530 ml) were immediately filtered, put
into 10 ml of 90% acetone, and frozen. The samples were analyzed within
3-4 days onboard ship using a Turner fluorometer. The fluorometer was calibrated
three times during the cruise by PMEL and SIO personnel. The discrete data
were used to calibrate the continuous fluoresence data described below.
Continuous measurements:
A Turner 10-AU-005 fluorometer with a flow-cell was used for the underway
continuous fluorescence measurements. The instrument was located in Alvan
and was fed with the water from the bow clean seawater system. The instrument
zero reading was checked daily with distilled water. The cell was cleaned
with HCl when the zero began to drift. There is one period (DOY 72-75)
where the biofouling was not detected. A growing background signal was
subtracted from the data. The fluorescence readings were stored as 1-minute
averages on the PMEL data logger.
Data reduction: The 1-minute data were filtered to eliminate zero periods. The distilled water blank (generally 4 millivolts) was subtracted from the remaining data (millivolt readings from 4 to 3000). The blank corrected data were regressed against the discrete chlorophyll samples described above, yielding:
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) = millivolts x .004
The detection limit (instrument resolution above zero) was 0.02 ug/L. The final data were averaged into 30 minute time intervals.
Nitrate
Water from the ship's underway pumping system (4 meter depth, bow intake)
was run through the underway auto analyzer system to measure surface nitrate
+ nitrite concentrations. The instrument samples at 10 minute intervals:
seawater, blank, seawater, blank, standard, blank; repeating this sequence
each hour. Therefore there is one reading for each half hour interval centered
at 5 and 25 minutes after the hour. Data are marked with either a concentration,
0 (indicating below detection limit, generally less than 0.02 micromolar),
-99 (when there were no data), or 10 when the concentration was off-scale
(greater than 6.3 micromolar). All data reported here are in units of micromoles
per liter.
U.S.Dept of Commerce / NOAA / OAR / PMEL / Atmospheric Chemistry